Fix some places where Debug/Release was treated as a binary switch.
Makes similar changes to Windows and Linux to simplify adding profile
support to those platforms in the future. This means `--profile` builds
will fail on Linux and Windows for now, but that's fine since they
aren't actually supported, and unlike `--release` don't provide useful
functionality at the native code level.
Also fixes 'stopApp' always using Debug on macOS, to avoid showing an
error when running Profile (or Release).
Fixes#33203
